Paving construction



Nov. 14, 1933. s, ADAMS 1,934,782

PAVING CONSTRUCTION Original Filed Dec. l1, 1929 QW 4140 w, May/m1776404@ Patented Nov. 1 4, 1933 L'ytlue" S. Adams, NewYrk'NrY., I Application December 1'1, 1929, serial No. 41'3,371-1 l RenewedJanuary 1d, 1933 2s claims.

.Great difficulty is experienced,finmany of our southern cities, frequently subjected during the summer months-tov sudden thunder storms, be-Vv -iniury to) property and delay of traflic. .A studyl of kthsproblem hasconvinced' me that theidifculty is not vdue primarily -to the. depth of rainfall', but .rather-,to thefact that the .entireraim fall is. immediatelyL conveyed to the sewage lsys-V tem, "thus producing an overload.l

One aim of my invention is to 'impede the flow soithatthe carryingA off of` the v:same may `rbe spread Aover a vgreater .period ofA time to reduce the maximum'.peaklfloadl on 'the sys`tem"'and 2ck render it more eiective for .carrying 'oftV the Waten` K ow 'impeding structure ofilargedra'inage cav pacity .sopthat even if; as mightoccur with cloud- .Y surplus water will be .cared foriby theldrainage capacity ofthe owimpeding structureyin' a manner to prevent liioodinglof the streets.

" In our northern cities V,great inconvenience and delay to foot and vehicular trafc iscaus'ed 'by i the difculty'fexperienced in clearing the streets, .sidewalks andl bridgesV after a heavy snow,

storm. I have-accordingly' developed m'y kinven- Vtion particularly 'with the view to' its applicabiL" late toflarge capacity, f s'low' 'f'draining surfacing construction for roads, Apaverrients,bridges,Ship;Y H

This sidewalk Yfoundation is' constructedfwith Vdecks 'andfthe' like, adaptable for; the melting o'f snow :and kice `and `tolia'im'.generallyftoH improve such construction. In addition it will befseen,

that some features of vmyfi'nv'ention ywill befapplicable' to theheating and drainingof roofsup'onv which it-is desired to preventathe vaccumulation of snow and ice torelieve i v mobile storage space ory the likei, c v

kFurtherindividual aimsof the inventionlare to provide `a readilyassembled road l'structi'ire of this character; a structure which will beleasily permanently assembled'v and which may be read# ily repaired; and a structureprovidingian evenA bursts, the ,sewage 'system should '.overflow, the

My invention accordingly may-be1`sagid1to -rfeJ eightor provide autosurface and a sub-surface space to receive and conduct away the drainage from the surface and to provide `'for `the" readysup'plying of heatkto adapt the ystructure to meltingsnow and ice. Otherobjects and advantagesfoffmy inventiony 60 `will be apparent from-th-followingrdetailed-Vdesame.V

Referringtothe 'drawing forming apar fofv this applicationr' a .'f Figglr is a'plan viewiof aisectin o fstret and sidewalk according'to one embodimentff myin'-A vention; "f i Eig. 1B is av'fsectional'planr Vviewofvthefsal scription` of an illustrative embodiment of'the l'ig'gZ isfatransverse'sectional vi'ewof thesam takenaonJ line`2r-'2 of iEiglfflAj*v "Y f "Figl. 3 is alperspectiveviewof one of thetop surface carrying units shown assembled in Fig 2; Fig. 4is a' perspective view of 'a mod iiied`fo1m 75 l oftopsurface carryingunit;l 1,Another aim of thelinventioniis togprovidea,v

- pipe s'upportffor embodiment in 'mystructural Referring toFig.' 2, theillustrative embodiment.

offrny'V invention shown inthe drawing comprises asidewalk 'section' 10j-2a road section 11,` and a drain conduit 12,1convenientlylocated;underthe 85 sidewalk-f Y lBiturninous or other Yresilient' material is :pref:

erably vused as the foundationvmat'erial'ormyenf tire structure although it is clearthatother com# l positions such as concrete could be 'utilizedfin this 90" capacityin some instances; 'f" i Separating the sidewalk and lroad section is a curbing 13-"m'ade o f' suitable material -to Ls'uit tlie-exigencies''of use 'and vfitAh'irlA this curbing a sidewalk foundation 14fi's`f`flle'd inaboventhe" 95 ldrain conduit 'T125 tofa height severalinches below the top offthe""curbingil3 ifY .units in ,the ,shapdf ,inverted frustro-pyramidm members' 16V` are supported lbythe foundation vmafl terial14'iwiththeirlower end'sembedded therein Y asshown-and .with their upper ledges abutting 'teach other and "the curbing ,13, andlevehwith Y'said curbing/ The edgesof v said 4blolsldo not, liowever;` continuously `about',jbut' are provided `with vrece ssgecijedges'so'that'the discontinuous abutment .provided thereby will V result lthe 11 stance be provided therein. The units vmay be4 filled with concrete, clay blocks or bituminous,V

substance, but I prefer toform them with hollow base portions andI accordingly provide means for limiting the depth necessary to be filled with the surfacing material, which may take the VAform of a sheet metal partition 19 having downturned edges so that it will take up an approximately level position in the. unit, or a Ysheet metal or,other partition as 20, (Fig.2) which may be supported on lugs 2,1, struck outfrom, cast onto, or other,-

wise provided atthe side walls ofthe units 16.

Anotherrmodi-fication canbe madexas shown in Fig. 6, wherein a pre-formedpaving block 22 adapted to t into the upper end of the frustrepyramidal member with its, top substantially level with the upper edgesV thereof,gis inserted therein,and self-sustained thereby. With this latter construction itV is preferableV to'utilize' a frustro-pyramidal member having drain open-A yings.2 3l to prevent the 5 accumulation of water, therein, `as shown in,r Figsi 4 and 6, of whichV the inner top portionsare flamand in which thefreentrant drainagespace's are provided in a vflange 25, as shown in Fig.6,the details of such flange beingmorefully shown in Fig.- 1.- I d ,Y'IheV road section generally indicated 'by the numeral 11, must ofcourse befconstructed more substantiallythan thev sidewalk section, because of `v,the increased loads and wear to whichit is subjected.v Y The road foundation 14'Yis preferably madeof bituminous or other suitable' road buildingv material which may be laid over concrete as- ,145', rif desired, and isl preferably Yslightly crowned as shown to provide for drainagetoward the edges. The inverted.frustroepyramidal; units 16' are set intothe foundation material 14 at their bottoms and, due to the` tenacity and resiliience of the bituminous material, are rmlyheld in place even when subjected to the `stresses of heavytrafiic- These units may be progressively set deeper Vtowardthe center of the road to maintain an uncrowned road surface, asshown, as crowningof the road surfaceis unnecessary with my systemr Vof drainage.

side sliding of vehicles whengthe road is slippery. Another advantage'of this progressively deeper y setting is that the units are more firmly supported Y near,A the center of the street where they are subjected. to greaterk stresses thanat the edges.

l Thelrestrictionof thesub-surface drainage space by this increasingly `deeper `settingQis 'without take any `form most 'suitablefor the road surfaceV `detriment as there is less drainage Yto be cared for at the center of the street than at theedgesV illustrative .d em# Y construction desired, with. or Y without false bottoms.' Q'ThoseV shownembodied in Fig.V 2 are stampedfo'utfrom sheet metal and ,provide@` with ed for usein the largercities; f

d Thek elimination -of crowningfwill lessen the likelihood oidangerous struck up partition supports 21 to support the partition 20. The re-entrant portions 2,6, as best shown in Fig. 3, are produced'by indentation during the stamping process, and yeachV side of the square frustro-pyramidal member shown is provided with two such re-entrant portions, to enable-the staggered assembly shown most clearly in Fig.y 1A, whilerproviding for the alignment of the re-entrant portionsf26of adjacent units to provide surface draining interstices, as best shown in said'figure. This form of unit is particularly adapted to support paving ,of the bitulithic, platic, lor hardening type indicated at 24 (Fig42') asthe unhardened composition can be readily filled'into the space above the partition in conformitywith the re-entrant portions 26 which will assist in holding the material in place after it has-set. On the other hand,k if stone or wooden paving vblocks as represented at 22, Fig, 6

are to'be used 1 prefer to use a unit having sub.-

stantially Vr'latinner wallsadjaoentthe top 'so that substantially hat 'faced blockscan be used. Such a unitl isindicatedatl" in Figs. aand 6. The

unit 16 may be'castwiththe Arecessed flange 25 or vsuc'hfianged unit may be produced by known sheet Ametal working processes by turning the top edges outwardly` and, downwardly' and stamping the re-entrant vportions 26'onlyintheskirt portion thus formed.. `Furthermore;if greater sub-Y'y surface drainage space-:is 'desired," contemplate forming the units inthe shape more nearly like thatof mushroom.roofsupporting columns, in#

Ystead of withat sides, and ILdoinot intend to vby r.use of` the particularly whenfprovided with yan elasticv or rubberblockroad-surface;,element at,24,.has the Vfurther advantage' .of mufing and deadeningv the noise of heavy traine, and is therefore well adapte Thel construction Vthus farl described is suitable lfor those citiestroubledonly by excessive -rainfalLand inwhich the snow removal problemis not-present..

The staggering of `the frustro-pyramidal units produces to a` considerable extent a retarding eiectn the surface water draining oil* throughk spaces Y 27thus loweringl the peak `demandony the sewage system; Moreoverv :the .large 'subesurfaoe area 27 will rv'provide overflow-area to take care of excess water in casero asudden cloudburst or the like.,I

To adapt my construction to the snow and ice `rernova'lproblern of the `northern cities'itis merely necessary tosupply heat tothesubesurface areas. In i connection, A with v the .preferred embodiment shown in. the Idranvingl 4ihave yindicated the preferable manner of so doing. To prevent freezing vin thedrainagaconduit 12, I 'provid-e thereina mainf to conduct hot, steam? or yother heated fluid- ,'Ifhismain 30;is preferablyuninsulated so that `aportionfpf the; heat', of the-fluid willc be Y radiated' into tlleiconduit,12,;and-'is supported byV tion with the embodiment show-n, where snowfall naam/a2 is :heatiyis the expandingfsteam .willnow fin a stdyoiirrent upwardly through the pipes 1.5 .to cause more rapidmeltingffthe snowfandiezon thesidewalk :than would IJoe -.lobtained i 1;\y..depend ,ing solely.4 ,on f the natural distribution .of A(radiated heatiromthe mainSO hy conduction .or commeF tion...

e shuld. 'be appliedfediani athe-turbine-`11n addif in? combination with@ .crowned .sub-surface;-

- itis desirabletostagglerktherunits in such va man f at 33.it`is passedfthnouglrithenentrowfof.unitsr 'nen that ton-.dous .drainfpessages nre-provided ,from the-sentertowardethefedseswfgthe.street to j xetardgthe how-o., .whileit is not essential .that

' -passagesjbe staegeredjriongitudmally oithe '.stteaiasother. means gproyided by my invention serv' toiretrdhow-off longitudinally of `thestreet .wheethisiis desirable, yaswhen .the-street ,runs nn or-downhilh. Y 4 i .with all Vthese. leonsijdstations .mind,` ,I rac- ;cordi ngiy A arrange jmyunitsd ,inrows C. D. ,EL

vetc... paxalleling .the curbing, alternate `rows being staggered with-respect ,'.tovreach .other as clearly which is not so great that the radiation.h'fzieiriwin .unduly diminish the .heat ayailable in the ngaqnud frhusgthe greatestheereeo'fheat ofprogressively `decreasing height to'counteract thefefectloflalcrow "edfsubsuace, .to lower that end 0I thelateralapplied -adient-th turbine.-

-irhe s lateral-.is thenr tumed .as ,-i

,and passed between -adaoentlmiits-:O the dir-St rQW-QiunitSrQW-C) ,,to-the-maentlongitudinal .space .throughwhich it is ,rgun parallelto 4th eenrt for afsuiable gdistance., raftergwhion .as .indicated .ferrea embedimsntfl lhere 'isi-lawn ilhelatele'lz 311 32h-.33 asrrunningbackand forthin a :Zgzagtmanf nel..A -which..-wi11 thusY Seite `to -heatja .transYS- section of vthe .roadway a singleunit. v4Each lateral .3.1 mayberprovided .with acut-foff yalve',las shownat iofthat steamlmeybetcut .oir .in see- .tions yatnyvhixbh the ,snow and .iceh'asheen entirely ,melted ,and drained ,awayjtp cons'ervesteam,

removed?. 1 trnse .yaiyssiae.ninyfbeconnemenny operated by a Vremet/"able long-stemmed jittable-.to a `.',velve ,ste m.3, .which oonv'enf iently Dass upwardly-through'fnegofthedrain rbecause .of the .presence `of two ,adjacent recesses tohrevent yas ianv as .possible .the loss v`of 'cheat Y through absorptior'thereofbyfthe"water draining the v.suiesurface.in v the ern#- .baffle .the .longitudinal :flow-lofi of .Water when ,the road nunSdOWI-i hill, lprovide oombinedpipe'sup-j ports and baiiie members 40cleariy-:shown 'assembled-in 'my-.cOnstruction-in Figs. 1 vandgz, andof vysfhich .an enlarged -section of'a pref.erredwem bodirnent is shownin Fig. z5.. Theseasupports and-,ba1es are cheaply produced -i-na'very good fornrirom strips of. shee,t metal bent up to prog vide an .upwardlyfprojecting barile vane 41, hay ngra. portion clippedut o f its-uppermostedge to form a vpipe `receiving ,rece s s ;42.g.These Y' .f-.Onmedfstripsare incorporatedinjthe structure so fthatV they lie valongftl'ie longitudinuai spaces" Qf v thefsub-surface area .27, between Athe `curbing and the row of units C,` and b etweeneacnpairof adjacent rows Vof `units C-D,=D-`E, etc.. x'1'he upwardly .projecting bailie members 41 notonly support the heating pipesabove the normal .now-

off level-of .the water to .prevent .loss -offheatfby dissipation .through 'contact withv the `Water, A'but `also lactas bales, when the road runs down hill! toimpede theiow of Water-along the .longitudinal spaces .of the sub-surfacearea 27, anddeeetit laterally into the transverse, staggered, spaces thereof, thus to reduceV the peak load'uponfthgse portions offthe sewagefsystem subject .to. the greatest.flow-off. I

'rated adiacenti the `Y center of; theroad, which 'will ,be Ydesirable'iri. someinstances.

.On theothervhand I contemplateus'in'lstrins terminating; at the centerjof us vthese, baflies servela luseful 'Qpivirygnri se takingcare of excessive-rainfall orthe likejwhen Y no i tactyvitnand upwardly between, the Wallsof the mutsvk re'jto'effect .a more -rapidremnvni of the snow'.andce, as detailed .aboteiir'connection -Withtheclearing of thefsidewalk. Thejfsppiy ofheat may `be roughlyv vproportioned@ to, kthe quantity of rnelting- Lexpected.to be necessary', by yarying the nur nb'er or size .of/perforations, lif

openingsat' thejlowerniost portions of thelateral's,

and vorme mainlrtneicnti of which portions 'ninyary menthe 'inclinati nnftne; street) tp l prevent the accumulation ofqcondensateorWater inY the system which rnightfcause.r` freezing and bursting of the` pipes if 'p' forthe drainingfoi.thereonV I4 have described,` for`.p rooses `of ,illustration only, certain preferredembodimentsof the Va-V rious features/of my invent'ion, butbyso doing ,Ovisin were, .notnade I. den-op .intend to limitmy inyentionfny the l specific disclosures set forth. Y What I. claim is; f e 1. A l self ...draining Varranged' with their topy portions in level abut#v ting relation and with theirfbott'orn portions set into' said sub-surfaceVV andV defining` drainage spaces therebetween, each of said membersfbeing `adapted to support a section `of rpaving surface,`-and having a plurality of interstices ex? tending downwardlyfrom the surface of the pave ing between their abutting edges and communil eating with the drainage spaces. i 3. A y self draining surface construction yfor heated pavements comprising a., crowned Tsub-y surface,'a plurality of inverted frustr'pyramidal members arranged with their top portions in level abutting' relation and with their bottom portions set into said subi-surface and deiining drainage spaces therebetween, each .of saidmembersbeing adapted to support a section of paving surface, a plurality of interstices extending downl- Wardly from `the surface ofthe paving andcommunicating withy the drainage spaces, and means fas for supplying heat, to said drainage spaces.

" 44A self draining surface construction kfora heated pavement comprising a crowned sub-sur. face,` a plurality` of inverted frustro-pyramidal members, arrangedA with theirtop portionsk in level abutting `relation'andjwith their bottom portions set intosaidjsub-surface, and defining drainage spaces therebetween,v each of said members1 being1 adaptedto supprta section of pave ing` surface, said members being disposed to pro vide va plurality Y of Vvintersti'ces.extendingV downwardly 'from'jthe surface of the paving and con-1- municating "with the' drainage spacelsrvbe'neath, and means for supplying heatl to saidr drainage spaces below saidsurface in suchiquantity tothe diiferent'part's thereof .respectively'as is roughly proportionate tothe relative yquantity of melting expectedjt'oibenecessary atsaidrespective parts.

'A V5 Agse1f' draining "surface constructionifor draining l away surfacewaterjj and adapted Yfor the meltingof snowv and ice, comprisingfa crowned sub-surface, a pluralityl of inverted frustropyramidalmembers, arrangedwith their `top pgrtionsinflevel abutting relation'land withstheir bottom portions set into saidfsub-surface, and

defining drainage spa-ces therebetween, jeach of said members being adapted tol supporta section of'paving Surface@ plurality of interstes ex-` tending downwardly 'irom'ithe surface of the'pav;I

'Y ing and communicating with thev drainage spaces and "means compri'sin Ypes for ksupplying heat to said drainage space for melting snow and ice on said'pavin'g surface.`

6. Av self draining'lsurfacef,construction ^for draining -awaysurfaceffwater; comprising a crowned sub-surface, La j plurality `of 'inverted frustro-pyramidal members,"arrangedwith their topportions in level abutting relationand `with vtheir bottom portions set into said subsurface,`

' and defining drainage spaces therebetween, each of-said members being'` adaptedto support a section of A pavingsurface,- a plurality l of finterstices.

extending downwardly from the surface of Athe paving and communicating with .the"drainage spaces, and meanscomprising pipes supported above the normal'level of flow' of Water produced A`paving surface.

bythe melting of ice and snowffor lsupplying heat toisaid drainage spaces for melting snow and ice on said paving surface. f

'Y '1. A self draining pavement construction comprisingpa crowned sub-surface, a plurality of in-A verted frustro-pyramidal fmembers; arranged with their top portions in level abutting relation and withftheir'bottom'portions set into said subsurfacegand de'ning drainage spaces therebef tween,-veach "ofj said members-being adapted to support y ai section of pavingv surface, 'a plurality of interstices extending downwardly-from the surface of the paving and 'communicating with the drain'agespaces,` and meanscomprisi'ng pipes supported abovev the? normalwater level bycoinbined barile and pipesupporting members for sup; plying-heat to said 'drainage s'paces'for'melt'ing snowand ice on said paving surface'.

8)' Aself drainingl pavement construction comprising'acrowned sub-surface, a plurality of in-jverted frustro-pyramidal members, arranged vwith their top portions in 'levelabutting relation and with their rbottom portionsfset into, said sub-surface, and defining drainage"spacestherebetween eachV of said members being adapted'to support a section of paving surfacefa plurality of intersticesK extending downwardly from Ythe 'Y surface 'o f the paving and 'communicating with 'the f drainage spacesgjandfmeans comprising pipes supported k above the normal water? level by combined 'baffle and pipe supportingy members comprised Ofstrips havingupstandingfbaie'*portions provided with lseats for' said pipes for supplyin g"`lieat to-said ldrainage spacesfor'meltingv snow and ice on said 9. In a'heated road construction,- a fsiib-Qsurf'ace drainage space communicating with the road fsur'. face for receiving drainage waterftherefrom and heating pipes supported' therein above the'normal water level by'combined pipe supports and-bailies.

1Q.' In a heated rroadconstruction, a sub-'surface drainage space communicating with 'the road sur# face for receiving drainage water-therefr'om-'a'nd heating pipes'sfupported therein above the Jnormal water level by Combined pipe supports 'andbaies comprising astrip'of material sufficiently rigid to sustain the weightfof the pipes having barile vmem:- b'ers `upwardly projecting ntherefrom and formed at their top edges/to receive and 'support said pipes. 1 11.l A road construction comprised of ldisconf i tinuously abutting inverted.: frustropyramidal members supported bya subi-surface and-provid- Ving asubggurface drainage 'space and'interstices communicatingfrom the surface' tosaid sublsurface drainage'space, said members beingarranged in alining` rows inn one Idir ectio n,;the individual Ainenfibersfof said rowszbeing staggered in v.the other 'load construction comprised of discon'f tinuouslly abutting `inverted Y frustroj-pyramidal y members supported by aisubv-surface and providi i of said rows beingQstaggered' in theother direction,

and baies'arranged upsta'ndingly inv the jspaces between said rows so that flow-,off is impeded in y both directions.

` 13;? A vroad construction -`-comprised of `fdiscon.

vtinuously abutting `inverted frustrolpyramidal Vmembers supported? by a 'sub-surface and providing `a sub-surface drainage space and interstices vcommunieating'from the surface to said sub-surface'drainage space, said members being arranged in rows in one direction, the individual members of said rows being staggered in the other direction, baffles arranged upstandingly in the spaces between said rows, so that flow-off is impeded in both directions, and heating pipes supported by K the tops of said baffles.

14. A road construction unit comprising an inn verted frustro-pyramidal member provided at its 17. A road construction unit comprising a hollow frustro-pyramidal member provided at its Wider end with a flange having indented portions, means for limiting the depth available for filling with wear surfacing material, and wear surfacing material iilling said member to said limited depth.

18. A road construction unit comprising a hollow frustro-pyramidal member provided at its v wider end with a flange having indentedportions,

means for limiting the depth available for filling with wear surfacing material comprising a partition, Vand wear surfacing materiall filling'` said`v member'to said limited depth.

:19. A road construction unit comprising a hollow frustro-pyramidal member provided at its; wider end with ange havingindented portions,Y

meansfor limiting the depth available for filling with wear surfacing materialcomprising a partition or false bottom supported therein by means kprovided for holding the same substantially level and wear surfacing material filling said member I to said limited depth;V

low frustro-pyramidal member provided at its` Vwider end with a flange having indented portions,

20. A road construction unit comprising a holmeans for limiting the depth available'` for lling y with wear surfacing'material comprising a parti .45 carried by said member for holding thesame subtion or false bottom supported therein by means Vstantially level, and wear surfacing material filling said member to said limited depth.

21. AY self ydraining road comprising a substantiallyveven or flatroad surface carried by inverted i frustro-pyramidal members supported at intervals upon a crowned Ysub-surface and having interstices communicating from the roadvsurface to the space therebelow between the members, to'obta'in a quick run-off as bycrown draining while maintaining a flat road surface.

22. A self draining road adapted for snow and ice removal comprising a substantially even or flat road surface supported at intervals upon a crowned sub-surface and having interstices cornmunicating from the road surface to the space therebelow between the supports, to obtain a quick run-off as by crown draining while maintaining a nat road surface, and pipes for supplying heat supported in said space in spaced relation to said crowned surface and above the normal level of ow thereover of water resulting from the melting of snow and ice.

23. A self draining surface construction for pavements comprising a sub-surface, a plurality of inverted frustro-pyramidal members, arranged with their top portions in abutting relation and with their bottom portions set into said sub-surface and deningy drainage spaces therebetween, each of said members being adapted to support a section of paving surface and having drainage 95 indentations at its top portion.

' 24. A self draining surface construction for pavements comprising a sub-surface, a plurality of` inverted frustro-pyramidal members arranged with their top portions in abutting relation and with their bottom portions set into said subsur face and dening drainage spaces therebetween, each of said members being recessedat the top to receive and support a section of paving surface and having` a plurality of interstices extending downwardly from the surface of the paving between their abutting edges and communicating with the drainage spaces. Y

4,25. A road construction comprised `of. abutting inverted frustro-py-ramidal members having dis-l continuous abutting edges supported by a subsurface and providing a sub-surface drainage space and vinterstices communicating from the surface to said sub-surfacedrainage space.

26.Y A'road construction comprising' a plurality 115 of abutting, inverted,` open-based, frustro-pyramidal members provided at their wider, open ends with-indented portions rendering theab'utment of said members discontinuous, and road surfac-V ing material carried within the confines of the open bases of said members.

:27. A road construction comprising inverted K f hollow frustro-pyrarnidal members providedat their wider ends with indented drain portions.

y 28.-V A road construction unit comprising a hol# low frustro-pyramidal member provided at its wider end with indented portions, means for limiting Vthe depth available for filling with wear surfacingrnaterial, and wear surfacing material' iilling said member to said limited depth.

f .LYTLE S. ADAMS. 

